| Top Papers on Academia.edu this week.  | Managing prison gangs: Results from a survey of U.S. prison systems by Rick Ruddell (University of Regina) "Responses from a survey of gang management strategies were collected from U.S. prison systems holding 1.19 million inmates. The results provided insight into the prevalence of gang members in prisons, gang structure, as well as the strategies used to manage the threat that these groups pose. Officials from most prison systems reported an increase in the proportion of security threat group (STG) members over the past five years and that these offenders were more disruptive and sophisticated than five years ago. Despite these challenges, there was no one clear strategy for the investigation or suppression of these groups, nor did most systems evaluate the effectiveness of their current gang management interventions. A lack of rehabilitative opportunities for gang members represents one shortcoming in the range of gang management strategies in most jurisdictions. The implications of these findings are addressed." |  | Humor Theories and the Physiological Benefits of Laughter by Julia Wilkins (Clemson University) There are 3 main theories used to explain the functions of humor: (1) the relief theory, (2) the incongruity theory, and (3) the superiority theory. While these theories focus on the specific role that humor plays for people in situations such as dealing with misfortune, making sense of rule violations, and bonding with others, we propose that underlying each of these theories are the physiological benefits of laughter. We draw on findings from empirical studies on laughter to demonstrate that these physiological benefits occur regardless of the theory that is used to explain the humor function. Findings from these studies have important implications for nurse practitioners working in hospice settings, long-term care facilities, nursing homes, and hospitals. |  | Eating artificially ripened fruits is harmful by Md. Wasim Siddiqui (Bihar Agricultural University) |  | A Review on Impacts of Genetically Modified Food on Human Health by Sanjay Mishra (IFTM Universiry Moradabad) "Biotechnology offers a variety of potential benefits and risks. It has enhanced food production by making plants less vulnerable to drought, frost, insects, and viruses and by enabling plants to compete more effectively against weeds for soil nutrients. In a few cases, it has also improved the quality and nutrition of foods by altering their composition. However, the use of biotechnology has also raised concerns about its potential risks to the environment and people. For example, some people fear that common plant pests could develop resistance to the introduced pesticides in GM crops that were supposed to combat them. Genetic engineering provides a means to introduce genes into plants via mechanisms that are different in some respects from classical breeding. A number of commercialized, genetically engineered (GE) varieties, most notably canola, cotton, maize and soybean, were created using this technology, and at present the traits introduced are herbicide and/or pest tolerance. Gene technology enables the increase of production in plants, as well as the rise of resistance to pests, viruses, frost, etc. Gene transfer is used to modify the physical and chemical composition and nutritional value of food. Gene transfer in animals will play a part in boundless possibilities of improving qualitative and quantitative traits. The yield, carcass composition and meat characteristics the use of nutritive substances ? not sure what is being said here?, and resistance to diseases can be improved. On the other hand, negative effects of gene technology on animals, human, and environment should be considered. The present review article is the compilation of various studies that present both positive and negative impacts of genetically modified food on human health. " |  | Islam and the rules of sexual intimacy by Ahmed Fazel Ebrahim |  | The Effects of Same-Sex Marriage Laws on Public Health and Welfare by Handie Peng (Emory University) |  | Mozart Effect: A Class Study on the Effects of Music on Memory by Nick Sulicki (Fordham University) |  | Cause and Effect Premise: The Role of Poverty, Access to Fast Food Restaurants, such as McDonald's, and The Obesity Epidemic by Anne Quinterno (Roger Williams University) |  | The Death and Life of Punk, The Last Subculture by Dylan Clark (University of Toronto) ""This paper explores the wane of "classical youth subcultures," with the rise of commodified rebellion. Discusses the emergence of new modes of subcultural identity and resistance, as they emerged in the greater punk communities. Suggests that anarchist political practices are emerging at the heart of 21st century "subcultural" praxis. "" |  | Examining the Personality of Patrick Bateman of American Psycho by Chris Schaffer (Walden University) "Patrick Bateman of Brett Easton Ellis' American Psycho presents a unique challenge for personality theories. Examined is how psychoanalytic theory applies to this character. He represents an almost total lack of ego, a superego based on a deviant morality, and an id allowed to act out its most depraved fantasies. This shows how the superego and id can form a perverse pact capable of producing sadistic violence and a loss of distinction between reality and fantasy. These unique conditions also allow self -actualization to be explored from a viewpoint that any behavior can be actualizing. Though we could consider him evil, Bateman has his needs met along the hierarchy until his violent expressions become a perpetuation of deviant ideals that are, in a sense, shared with his victims. This atypical use of theories demonstrates the value of extreme characters in fiction for testing the limits of theoretical perspectives." | |
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